.. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. ======================================= Heat Resource Plug-in Development Guide ======================================= Heat allows service providers to extend the capabilities of the orchestration service by writing their own resource plug-ins. These plug-ins are written in Python and included in a directory configured by the service provider. This guide describes a resource plug-in structure and life cycle in order to assist developers in writing their own resource plug-ins. Resource Plug-in Life Cycle --------------------------- A resource plug-in is relatively simple in that it needs to extend a base ``Resource`` class and implement some relevant life cycle handler methods. The basic life cycle methods of a resource are: create The plug-in should create a new physical resource. update The plug-in should update an existing resource with new configuration or tell the engine that the resource must be destroyed and re-created. This method is optional; the default behavior is to create a replacement resource and then delete the old resource. suspend The plug-in should suspend operation of the physical resource; this is an optional operation. resume The plug-in should resume operation of the physical resource; this is an optional operation. delete The plug-in should delete the physical resource. The base class ``Resource`` implements each of these life cycle methods and defines one or more handler methods that plug-ins can implement in order to manifest and manage the actual physical resource abstracted by the plug-in. These handler methods will be described in detail in the following sections. Heat Resource Base Class ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Plug-ins must extend the class ``heat.engine.resource.Resource``. This class is responsible for managing the overall life cycle of the plug-in. It defines methods corresponding to the life cycle as well as the basic hooks for plug-ins to handle the work of communicating with specific down-stream services. For example, when the engine determines it is time to create a resource, it calls the ``create`` method of the applicable plug-in. This method is implemented in the ``Resource`` base class and handles most of the bookkeeping and interaction with the engine. This method then calls a ``handle_create`` method defined in the plug-in class (if implemented) which is responsible for using specific service calls or other methods needed to instantiate the desired physical resource (server, network, volume, etc). Resource Status and Action ************************** The base class handles reporting state of the resource back to the engine. A resource's state is the combination of the life cycle action and the status of that action. For example, if a resource is created successfully, the status of that resource will be ``CREATE COMPLETE``. Alternatively, if the plug-in encounters an error when attempting to create the physical resource, the status would be ``CREATE FAILED``. The base class handles the reporting and persisting of resource state, so a plug-in's handler methods only need to return data or raise exceptions as appropriate. Resource Support Status *********************** New resource should be marked from which OpenStack release it will be available with *support_status* option. For more details, see :ref:`supportstatus`. Resource description ******************** An important part of future resources is a concisely written description. It should be in class docstring and contain information about the resource and how it could be useful to the end-user. The docstring description is used in documentation generation and should be always defined, if resource is designed for public use. Docstring should follows `PEP 257 `_. .. code-block:: python class CustomResource(resource.Resource): """This custom resource has description. Now end-users could understand the meaning of the resource existing and will use it correctly without any additional questions. """ Properties and Attributes +++++++++++++++++++++++++ A resource's *properties* define the settings the template author can manipulate when including that resource in a template. Some examples would be: * Which flavor and image to use for a Nova server * The port to listen to on Neutron LBaaS nodes * The size of a Cinder volume *Attributes* describe runtime state data of the physical resource that the plug-in can expose to other resources in a Stack. Generally, these aren't available until the physical resource has been created and is in a usable state. Some examples would be: * The host id of a Nova server * The status of a Neutron network * The creation time of a Cinder volume Defining Resource Properties **************************** Each property that a resource supports must be defined in a schema that informs the engine and validation logic what the properties are, what type each is, and validation constraints. The schema is a dictionary whose keys define property names and whose values describe the constraints on that property. This dictionary must be assigned to the ``properties_schema`` attribute of the plug-in. .. code-block:: python from heat.common.i18n import _ from heat.engine import constraints from heat.engine import properties nested_schema = { "foo": properties.Schema( properties.Schema.STRING, _('description of foo field'), constraints=[ constraints.AllowedPattern('(Ba[rc]?)+'), constraints.Length(max=10, description="don't go crazy") ] ) } properties_schema = { "property_name": properties.Schema( properties.Schema.MAP, _('Internationalized description of property'), required=True, default={"Foo": "Bar"}, schema=nested_schema ) } As shown above, some properties may themselves be complex and reference nested schema definitions. Following are the parameters to the ``Schema`` constructor; all but the first have defaults. *data_type*: Defines the type of the property's value. The valid types are the members of the list ``properties.Schema.TYPES``, currently ``INTEGER``, ``STRING``, ``NUMBER``, ``BOOLEAN``, ``MAP``, and ``LIST``; please use those symbolic names rather than the literals to which they are equated. For ``LIST`` and ``MAP`` type properties, the ``schema`` referenced constrains the format of complex items in the list or map. *description*: A description of the property and its function; also used in documentation generation. Default is ``None`` --- but you should always provide a description. *default*: The default value to assign to this property if none was supplied in the template. Default is ``None``. *schema*: This property's value is complex and its members must conform to this referenced schema in order to be valid. The referenced schema dictionary has the same format as the ``properties_schema``. Default is ``None``. *required*: ``True`` if the property must have a value for the template to be valid; ``False`` otherwise. The default is ``False`` *constraints*: A list of constraints that apply to the property's value. See `Property Constraints`_. *update_allowed*: ``True`` if an existing resource can be updated, ``False`` means update is accomplished by delete and re-create. Default is ``False``. *immutable*: ``True`` means updates are not supported, resource update will fail on every change of this property. ``False`` otherwise. Default is ``False``. *support_status*: Defines current status of the property. Read :ref:`supportstatus` for details. Accessing property values of the plug-in at runtime is then a simple call to: .. code-block:: python self.properties['PropertyName'] Based on the property type, properties without a set value will return the default "empty" value for that type: ======= ============ Type Empty Value ======= ============ String '' Number 0 Integer 0 List [] Map {} Boolean False ======= ============ Property Constraints ******************** Following are the available kinds of constraints. The description is optional and, if given, states the constraint in plain language for the end user. *AllowedPattern(regex, description)*: Constrains the value to match the given regular expression; applicable to STRING. *AllowedValues(allowed, description)*: Lists the allowed values. ``allowed`` must be a ``collections.Sequence`` or ``basestring``. Applicable to all types of value except MAP. *Length(min, max, description)*: Constrains the length of the value. Applicable to STRING, LIST, MAP. Both ``min`` and ``max`` default to ``None``. *Range(min, max, description)*: Constrains a numerical value. Applicable to INTEGER and NUMBER. Both ``min`` and ``max`` default to ``None``. *CustomConstraint(name, description, environment)*: This constructor brings in a named constraint class from an environment. If the given environment is ``None`` (its default) then the environment used is the global one. Defining Resource Attributes **************************** Attributes communicate runtime state of the physical resource. Note that some plug-ins do not define any attributes and doing so is optional. If the plug-in needs to expose attributes, it will define an ``attributes_schema`` similar to the properties schema described above. Each item in the schema dictionary consists of an attribute name and an attribute Schema object. .. code-block:: python attributes_schema = { "foo": attributes.Schema( _("The foo attribute"), type=attribute.Schema.STRING ), "bar": attributes.Schema( _("The bar attribute"), type=attribute.Schema.STRING ), "baz": attributes.Schema( _("The baz attribute"), type=attribute.Schema.STRING ) } Following are the parameters to the Schema. *description* A description of the attribute; also used in documentation generation. Default is ``None`` --- but you should always provide a description. *type* Defines the type of attribute value. The valid types are the members of the list ``attributes.Schema.TYPES``, currently ``STRING``, ``NUMBER``, ``BOOLEAN``, ``MAP``, and ``LIST``; please use those symbolic names rather than the literals to which they are equated. *support_status* Defines current status of the attribute. Read :ref:`supportstatus` for details. If attributes are defined, their values must also be resolved by the plug-in. The simplest way to do this is to override the ``_resolve_attribute`` method from the ``Resource`` class: .. code-block:: python def _resolve_attribute(self, name): # _example_get_physical_resource is just an example and is not # defined in the Resource class phys_resource = self._example_get_physical_resource() if phys_resource: if not hasattr(phys_resource, name): # this is usually not needed, but this is a simple # example raise exception.InvalidTemplateAttribute(name) return getattr(phys_resource, name) return None If the plug-in needs to be more sophisticated in its attribute resolution, the plug-in may instead choose to override ``FnGetAtt``. However, if this method is chosen, validation and accessibility of the attribute would be the plug-in's responsibility. Also, each resource has ``show`` attribute by default. The attribute uses default implementation from ``heat.engine.resource.Resource`` class, but if resource has different way of resolving ``show`` attribute, the ``_show_resource`` method from the ``Resource`` class will need to be overridden: .. code-block:: python def _show_resource(self): """Default implementation; should be overridden by resources. :returns: the map of resource information or None """ if self.entity: try: obj = getattr(self.client(), self.entity) resource = obj.get(self.resource_id) return resource.to_dict() except AttributeError as ex: LOG.warning(_LW("Resolving 'show' attribute has " "failed : %s"), ex) return None Property and Attribute Example ****************************** Assume the following simple property and attribute definition: .. code-block:: python properties_schema = { 'foo': properties.Schema( properties.Schema.STRING, _('foo prop description'), default='foo', required=True ), 'bar': properties.Schema( properties.Schema.INTEGER, _('bar prop description'), required=True, constraints=[ constraints.Range(5, 10) ] ) } attributes_schema = { 'Attr_1': attributes.Schema( _('The first attribute'), support_status=support.Status('5.0.0'), type=attributes.Schema.STRING ), 'Attr_2': attributes.Schema( _('The second attribute'), type=attributes.Schema.MAP ) } Also assume the plug-in defining the above has been registered under the template reference name 'Resource::Foo' (see `Registering Resource Plug-ins`_). A template author could then use this plug-in in a stack by simply making following declarations in a template: .. code-block:: yaml # ... other sections omitted for brevity ... resources: resource-1: type: Resource::Foo properties: foo: Value of the foo property bar: 7 outputs: foo-attrib-1: value: { get_attr: [resource-1, Attr_1] } description: The first attribute of the foo resource foo-attrib-2: value: { get_attr: [resource-1, Attr_2] } description: The second attribute of the foo resource Life Cycle Handler Methods ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ To do the work of managing the physical resource the plug-in supports, the following life cycle handler methods should be implemented. Note that the plug-in need not implement *all* of these methods; optional handlers will be documented as such. Generally, the handler methods follow a basic pattern. The basic handler method for any life cycle step follows the format ``handle_``. So for the create step, the handler method would be ``handle_create``. Once a handler is called, an optional ``check__complete`` may also be implemented so that the plug-in may return immediately from the basic handler and then take advantage of cooperative multi-threading built in to the base class and periodically poll a down-stream service for completion; the check method is polled until it returns ``True``. Again, for the create step, this method would be ``check_create_complete``. Create ****** .. py:function:: handle_create(self) Create a new physical resource. This function should make the required calls to create the physical resource and return as soon as there is enough information to identify the resource. The function should return this identifying information and implement ``check_create_complete`` which will take this information in as a parameter and then periodically be polled. This allows for cooperative multi-threading between multiple resources that have had their dependencies satisfied. *Note* once the native identifier of the physical resource is known, this function should call ``self.resource_id_set`` passing the native identifier of the physical resource. This will persist the identifier and make it available to the plug-in by accessing ``self.resource_id``. :returns: A representation of the created physical resource :raise: any ``Exception`` if the create failed .. py:function:: check_create_complete(self, token) If defined, will be called with the return value of ``handle_create`` :param token: the return value of ``handle_create``; used to poll the physical resource's status. :returns: ``True`` if the physical resource is active and ready for use; ``False`` otherwise. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the create failed. Update (Optional) ***************** Note that there is a default implementation of ``handle_update`` in ``heat.engine.resource.Resource`` that simply raises an exception indicating that updates require the engine to delete and re-create the resource (this is the default behavior) so implementing this is optional. .. py:function:: handle_update(self, json_snippet, templ_diff, prop_diff) Update the physical resources using updated information. :param json_snippet: the resource definition from the updated template :type json_snippet: collections.Mapping :param templ_diff: changed values from the original template definition :type templ_diff: collections.Mapping :param prop_diff: property values that are different between the original definition and the updated definition; keys are property names and values are the new values. Deleted or properties that were originally present but now absent have values of ``None`` :type prop_diff: collections.Mapping .. py:function:: check_update_complete(self, token) If defined, will be called with the return value of ``handle_update`` :param token: the return value of ``handle_update``; used to poll the physical resource's status. :returns: ``True`` if the update has finished; ``False`` otherwise. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the update failed. Suspend (Optional) ****************** *These handler functions are optional and only need to be implemented if the physical resource supports suspending* .. py:function:: handle_suspend(self) If the physical resource supports it, this function should call the native API and suspend the resource's operation. This function should return information sufficient for ``check_suspend_complete`` to poll the native API to verify the operation's status. :return: a token containing enough information for ``check_suspend_complete`` to verify operation status. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the suspend operation fails. .. py:function:: check_suspend_complete(self, token) Verify the suspend operation completed successfully. :param token: the return value of ``handle_suspend`` :return: ``True`` if the suspend operation completed and the physical resource is now suspended; ``False`` otherwise. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the suspend operation failed. Resume (Optional) ***************** *These handler functions are optional and only need to be implemented if the physical resource supports resuming from a suspended state* .. py:function:: handle_resume(self) If the physical resource supports it, this function should call the native API and resume a suspended resource's operation. This function should return information sufficient for ``check_resume_complete`` to poll the native API to verify the operation's status. :return: a token containing enough information for ``check_resume_complete`` to verify operation status. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the resume operation fails. .. py:function:: check_resume_complete(self, token) Verify the resume operation completed successfully. :param token: the return value of ``handle_resume`` :return: ``True`` if the resume operation completed and the physical resource is now active; ``False`` otherwise. :raise: any Exception if the resume operation failed. Delete ****** .. py:function:: handle_delete(self) Delete the physical resource. :return: a token containing sufficient data to verify the operations status :raise: any ``Exception`` if the delete operation failed .. note:: As of the Liberty release, implementing handle_delete is optional. The parent resource class can handle the most common pattern for deleting resources: .. code-block:: python def handle_delete(self): if self.resource_id is not None: try: self.client()..delete(self.resource_id) except Exception as ex: self.client_plugin().ignore_not_found(ex) return None return self.resource_id For this to work for a particular resource, the `entity` and `default_client_name` attributes must be overridden in the resource implementation. For example, `entity` of Aodh Alarm should equals to "alarm" and `default_client_name` to "aodh". .. py:function:: handle_delete_snapshot(self, snapshot) Delete resource snapshot. :param snapshot: dictionary describing current snapshot. :return: a token containing sufficient data to verify the operations status :raise: any ``Exception`` if the delete operation failed .. py:function:: handle_snapshot_delete(self, state) Called instead of ``handle_delete`` when the deletion policy is SNAPSHOT. Create backup of resource and then delete resource. :param state: the (action, status) tuple of the resource to make sure that backup may be created for the current resource :return: a token containing sufficient data to verify the operations status :raise: any ``Exception`` if the delete operation failed .. py:function:: check_delete_complete(self, token) Verify the delete operation completed successfully. :param token: the return value of ``handle_delete`` or ``handle_snapshot_delete`` (for deletion policy - Snapshot) used to verify the status of the operation :return: ``True`` if the delete operation completed and the physical resource is deleted; ``False`` otherwise. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the delete operation failed. .. py:function:: check_delete_snapshot_complete(self, token) Verify the delete snapshot operation completed successfully. :param token: the return value of ``handle_delete_snapshot`` used to verify the status of the operation :return: ``True`` if the delete operation completed and the snapshot is deleted; ``False`` otherwise. :raise: any ``Exception`` if the delete operation failed. Resource Dependencies +++++++++++++++++++++ Ideally, your resource should not have any 'hidden' dependencies, i.e. Heat should be able to infer any inbound or outbound dependencies of your resource instances from resource properties and the other resources/resource attributes they reference. This is handled by ``heat.engine.resource.Resource.add_dependencies()``. If this is not possible, please do not simply override `add_dependencies()` in your resource plugin! This has previously caused `problems `_ for multiple operations, usually due to uncaught exceptions, If you feel you need to override `add_dependencies()`, please reach out to Heat developers on the `#heat` IRC channel on FreeNode or on the `openstack-dev `_ mailing list to discuss the possibility of a better solution. Registering Resource Plug-ins +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ To make your plug-in available for use in stack templates, the plug-in must register a reference name with the engine. This is done by defining a ``resource_mapping`` function in your plug-in module that returns a map of template resource type names and their corresponding implementation classes:: def resource_mapping(): return { 'My::Custom::Plugin': MyResourceClass } This would allow a template author to define a resource as: .. code-block:: yaml resources: my_resource: type: My::Custom::Plugin properties: # ... your plug-in's properties ... Note that you can define multiple plug-ins per module by simply returning a map containing a unique template type name for each. You may also use this to register a single resource plug-in under multiple template type names (which you would only want to do when constrained by backwards compatibility). Configuring the Engine ---------------------- In order to use your plug-in, Heat must be configured to read your resources from a particular directory. The ``plugin_dirs`` configuration option lists the directories on the local file system where the engine will search for plug-ins. Simply place the file containing your resource in one of these directories and the engine will make them available next time the service starts. See one of the Installation Guides at http://docs.OpenStack.org/ for more information on configuring the orchestration service. Testing ------- Tests can live inside the plug-in under the ``tests`` namespace/directory. The Heat plug-in loader will implicitly not load anything under that directory. This is useful when your plug-in tests have dependencies you don't want installed in production. Putting It All Together ----------------------- You can find the plugin classes in ``heat/engine/resources``. An exceptionally simple one to start with is ``random_string.py``; it is unusual in that it does not manipulate anything in the cloud! Resource Contributions ---------------------- The Heat team is interested in adding new resources that give Heat access to additional OpenStack or StackForge projects. The following checklist defines the requirements for a candidate resource to be considered for inclusion: - Must wrap an OpenStack or StackForge project, or a third party project that is relevant to OpenStack users. - Must have its dependencies listed in OpenStack's ``global-requirements.txt`` file, or else it should be able to conditionally disable itself when there are missing dependencies, without crashing or otherwise affecting the normal operation of the heat-engine service. - The resource's support status flag must be set to ``UNSUPPORTED``, to indicate that the Heat team is not responsible for supporting this resource. - The code must be of comparable quality to official resources. The Heat team can help with this during the review phase. If you have a resource that is a good fit, you are welcome to contact the Heat team. If for any reason your resource does not meet the above requirements, but you still think it can be useful to other users, you are encouraged to host it on your own repository and share it as a regular Python installable package. You can find example resource plug-ins that have all the required packaging files in the ``contrib`` directory of the official Heat git repository.